menu_book来源Doherty M, Jenkins W, Richardson H, et al. (2018). Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 392(10156), 1403-1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32158-5;Abhishek A, Jenkins W, La-Crette J, Fernandes G, Doherty M (2020). Nurse-led care is preferred over GP-led care of gout and improves gout outcomes: results of Nottingham Gout Treatment Trial follow-up study. Rheumatology, 59(3), 575-579. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez333;FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. (2020). 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout. Arthritis Care & Research, 72(6), 744-760:「Strong recommendations included initiation of ULT for all patients with tophaceous gout, radiographic damage due to gout, or frequent gout flares」「For patients who have previously experienced >1 flare but have infrequent flares (<2/year), we conditionally recommend initiating ULT over no ULT」「For patients experiencing their first flare, we conditionally recommend against initiating ULT over no ULT」. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24180;White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al.; CARES Investigators (2018). Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(13), 1200-1210. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1710895;Mackenzie IS, Ford I, Nuki G, et al.; FAST Study Group (2020). Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 396(10264), 1745-1757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32234-0;中华医学会内分泌学分会 (2020). 中国高尿酸血症与痛风诊疗指南(2019). 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 36(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6699.2020.01.001
sticky_note_2备注争议:用哪种药降尿酸,各国指南不一样。美国指南首选别嘌醇,有心血管病的人能换就别吃非布司他,但欧洲 FAST 试验没看到非布司他更危险。国内还能买到苯溴马隆,它是促进尿酸排出的药。中华医学会的指南(2019 版和 2024 更新版)对选药和碱化尿液单独给了推荐。吃苯溴马隆要不要加碳酸氢钠碱化尿液,美国指南认为没有证据,按医生的意见办,多喝水不能省。**汉族人用别嘌醇之前值得先查 HLA-B\*5801**。它是一种天生的、管免疫反应的基因型号,查一次结果终身不变。带着这个基因的人,在汉族、韩国、泰国人里占 7.4%,白人和西班牙裔只有 0.7%。亚裔和非裔美国人用别嘌醇之后发生别嘌醇超敏综合征的风险是白人的 3 倍,这个病严重时皮肤会大面积剥脱,能要命。美国风湿病学会 2020 年痛风指南对这两类人建议,用药前可以考虑先查一下。**刚开始降尿酸反而更容易诱发发作**,所以指南明确要求头 3 到 6 个月同时吃一种抗炎的预防药。「吃了降尿酸药反而更疼,所以停了」是这件事常见的失败方式。疼起来该做的是按医嘱加抗炎药,不是停降尿酸药。达标值各家写法不同:<6 mg/dL 约合 360 µmol/L,中国的化验单多用 µmol/L。体检查出尿酸高但从没发作过是另一回事,见第 6 节第 19 条。含糖饮料和酒见第 2 节第 7、19 条(不喝含糖饮料、少喝或不喝酒)。一顿吃下大量肉和海鲜、喝酒会诱发发作,见第 10 条(吃烧烤、聚餐时别一顿吃下大量肉和海鲜)