menu_book来源World Health Organization (2022). Vaccines against influenza: WHO position paper – May 2022. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 97(19), 185-208. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/420b8e49-9f16-461d-a5d8-263069778432/content;Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, et al. (2008). Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(15), 1555-1564. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708630;Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Kuwanda L, et al. (2014). Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(10), 918-931. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1401480;Nunes MC, Madhi SA (2018). Influenza vaccination during pregnancy for prevention of influenza confirmed illness in the infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 14(3), 758-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1345385;Jarvis JR, Dorey RB, Warricker FDM, Alwan NA, Jones CE (2020). The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in pregnancy in relation to child health outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine, 38(7), 1601-1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.056;Thompson MG, Kwong JC, Regan AK, et al. (2019). Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Influenza-associated Hospitalizations During Pregnancy: A Multi-country Retrospective Test Negative Design Study, 2010-2016. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68(9), 1444-1453. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy737;Giles ML, Krishnaswamy S, Macartney K, Cheng A (2019). The safety of inactivated influenza vaccines in pregnancy for birth outcomes: a systematic review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 15(3), 687-699. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1540807;Donahue JG, Kieke BA, King JP, et al. (2019). Inactivated influenza vaccine and spontaneous abortion in the Vaccine Safety Datalink in 2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15. Vaccine, 37(44), 6673-6681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.035;Donahue JG, Kieke BA, King JP, et al. (2017). Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011-12. Vaccine, 35(40), 5314-5322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.069(备注里的反方研究);中国疾病预防控制中心 (2026). 中国流感疫苗预防接种技术指南(2026—2027). https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkyj/mygh02/jswj2026/202609/t20260902_1839739.html
sticky_note_2备注争议。美国 2017 年一项研究发现,流产前 28 天内打过流感疫苗的人流产更多(aOR 2.0,1.1–3.6)。偏高只出在上一季也打过含甲型 H1N1 疫苗的人身上。作者自己说这证明不了因果。同一批人又查了后来三个流感季,没有再看到这个关联,所以各国仍说孕期任何阶段都能打。国内有的流感疫苗说明书还把孕妇列为禁忌。指南建议挑说明书里没把孕妇列为禁忌的那一款,打之前告诉接种医生你怀孕了。只打注射的灭活疫苗。鼻子里喷的是减毒活疫苗,国内只给 3 到 17 岁用,孕妇禁止接种。最好在当地流感季开始前打完,一般是 9 到 10 月。错过了,整个流感季里都还能补。孩子不满 6 个月不能打流感疫苗,所以孕期这一针是孩子出生后头几个月主要的保护。同住的家人和带孩子的人也是优先接种人群,成年人自己打流感疫苗的账见第 1 节第 20 条(打流感疫苗)。收益栏里没有死亡率的数字,收益量级按确诊流感和住院定,理由在核实记录里。好处落在你自己和孩子身上