menu_book来源Beary MA, Daly SE, Baker J, Snyder AB (2025). Assessing Hot Water Reconstitution Instructions and Labeling of Powdered Infant Formula to Ensure Cronobacter spp. Reduction. Journal of Food Protection, 88(9), 100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100571;Sima WG, Legesse T, Girma S, et al. (2025). Emerging microbial risks: Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula for infants under six months of age in Ethiopia. BMC Microbiology, 26, 307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04380-y;World Health Organization & FAO (2007). Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula: guidelines. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241595414;Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (2022). Recommendations for the hygienic preparation of powdered infant formula. Updated BfR Opinion No. 009/2022. https://doi.org/10.17590/20220510-104706;Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Goulet O, et al. (2004). Preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 39(4), 320-322. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200410000-00002;Silano M, Paganin P, Davanzo R (2016). Time for the 70 °C water precautionary option in the home dilution of powdered infant formula. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 42, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0228-9;Losio MN, Pavoni E, Finazzi G, et al. (2018). Preparation of Powdered Infant Formula: Could Product's Safety Be Improved? Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 67(4), 543-546. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002100
sticky_note_2备注争议:德国联邦风险评估研究所 2022 年的意见是,足月健康的孩子用 20 到 50 ℃ 的水冲就行。它提到多数厂家罐上写的也是 40 到 50 ℃。它的理由是 70 ℃ 的水倒进奶瓶凉得很快,实际杀的菌没有算出来那么多。热水还会损失一些营养,没放凉就喂会烫着孩子。欧洲儿科胃肠肝病营养学会 2004 年也不赞成用开水冲,担心破坏维生素和奶粉里加的益生菌。世卫和联合国粮农组织仍建议 70 ℃ 以上。早产儿、出生体重不到 2500 克的、不满 2 个月的和免疫力差的孩子风险最高,要按 70 ℃ 冲,或者问医生。足月健康的孩子按罐上的温度冲,德国这份意见认为感染风险极低。70 ℃ 这个门槛来自公共卫生指南。Beary 等人的原话是「针对高危婴儿照护者的公共卫生指南建议用加热到至少 70 ℃(158 ℉)的水冲调配方奶粉以灭活微生物」。别用保温杯里放了一天的水来冲。也别把冲好的奶搁在室温下,等着下一顿再喂